The Art of Loving – Erich Fromm (full text pdf)
I. Is Love an art?
IS LOVE an art? Then it requires knowledge and effort. Or is love a pleasant sensation, which to experience is a matter of chance, something one "falls into' if one is lucky? This little book is based on the former premise, while undoubtedly the majority of people today believe in the latter.
This peculiar attitude is based on several premises which either singly or combined tend to uphold it. Most people see the problem of love primarily as that of being loved, rather than that of loving, of one's capacity to love. Hence the problem to them is how to be loved, how to be lovable. In pursuit of this aim they follow several paths. One, which is especially used by men, is to be successful, to be as powerful and rich as the social margin of one's position permits. Another, used especially by women, is to make oneself attractive, by cultivating one's body, dress, etc. [...]
Many of the ways to make oneself lovable are the same as those used to make oneself successful, "to win friends and influence people." As a matter of fact, what most people in our culture mean by being lovable is essentially a mixture between being popular and having sex appeal.
A second premise behind the attitude that there is nothing to be learned about love is the assumption that the problem of love is the problem of an object, not the problem of a faculty. People think that to love is simple, but that to find the right object to love – or to
be loved by – is difficult. This attitude has several reasons rooted in the development of modern society. [...]
be loved by – is difficult. This attitude has several reasons rooted in the development of modern society. [...]
This new concept of freedom in love must have greatly enhanced the importance of the object as against the importance of the function.
Closely related to this factor is another feature characteristic of contemporary culture. Our whole culture is based on the appetite for buying, on the idea of a mutually favorable exchange. [...]
At any rate, the sense of falling in love develops usually only with regard to such human commodities as are within reach of one's own possibilities for exchange. I am out for a bargain; the object should be desirable from the standpoint of its social value, and at the same time should want me, considering my overt and hidden assets and potentialities. [...]
In a culture in which the marketing orientation prevails, and in which material success is the outstanding value, there is little reason to be surprised that human love relations follow the same pattern of exchange which governs the commodity and the labor market. [...]
I guess we're all trying to find the best match, an equivalent, to underline or highlight certain aspects of our life or character. If we're really divided in those who want to be loved and those who want to love actively, the difference is, beside motivation, in what values we mainly search for in the other person. It's the difference between looking for love and looking for a lover, between simple and complicated. In German there exist actually two words to describe the one loving somebody, "der Liebende", and the one being loved, "der Geliebte".
If we're looking for love we're looking at potential partners with kindness, willing to embrace the person as a whole, work for love, find perfection in imperfection and may be rewarded if openness, trust, and hopefully, love are offered in return.
Maybe it's more complicated for the marketing people. They need to be perceived in such and such a way to fit their successful life concepts, thus not wanting their own imperfection to be revealed. For them, much more than the actual personality of a person must be considered.
Sometimes it's easy to see what a person is looking for, according to their own self-marketing strategies. Though falling short to the whole complexity, one could banalize that Mrs. Bikini is looking for the best tool in the home depot, while Mr. All-mighty is in the department store, preferably designer store, buying himself the perfect purse or jewelry.
What is kind of sad is, that those with the lowest self-esteem work the hardest for a “successful public appearance”, looking for a partner serving that purpose and finding attraction in the marketing of those, with equivalent interests of their own. This might be a perfect match, but also like same poled sides of magnets. Who has the lowest acceptance of oneself is likely to be less acceptant towards others as well, possibly finding in the end that each partner pulling mostly in his or her own direction is like pulling in two different directions.
Though both types, the ones wanting to love and the ones wanting to be loved, can find heaven or hell, can find “true” love, in either type of partner, there is still the little difference of “I was looking for someone like you” and “I was looking for YOU”.
What is about loss? Painful for both types, the lover loses the most precious, the most unique and loved, but not love; the other type gets another punch in their self-esteem-region and must do everything to level that again, “show must go on”.
I wonder what's more tragic in the end...
As love seems so often to act on principals alike to the “labor market”, I am really for the introduction of a social curriculum vitae – at least you know what you get.
~
Deutsch:
Ist Lieben eine Kunst? Wenn es das ist, dann wird von dem, der diese Kunst beherrschen will, verlangt, dass er etwas weiss und dass er keine Mühe scheut. Oder ist die Liebe nur eine angenehme Empfindung, die man rein zufällig erfährt, etwas, was einem sozusagen „in den Schoss fällt“, wenn man Glück hat? Dieses kleine Buch geht davon aus, dass Lieben eine Kunst ist, obwohl die meisten Menschen heute zweifellos das Letztere annehmen. [...]
Diese merkwürdige Einstellung beruht auf verschiedenen Voraussetzungen, die einzeln oder auch gemeinsam dazu beitragen, dass sie sich am Leben halten kann. Die meisten Menschen sehen das Problem der Liebe in erster Linie als das Problem, selbst geliebt zu werden, statt zu lieben und lieben zu können. Daher geht es für sie nur darum, wie man es erreicht, geliebt zu werden, wie man liebenswert wird. Um zu diesem Ziel zu gelangen, schlagen sie verschiedene Wege ein. Der eine, besonders von Männern verfolgte Weg ist der, so erfolgreich, so mächtig und reich zu sein, wie es die eigene gesellschaftliche Stellung möglich macht. Ein anderer, besonders von Frauen bevorzugter Weg ist der, durch Kosmetik, schöne Kleider und dergleichen möglichst attraktiv zu sein. [...]
Viele dieser Mittel, sich liebenswert zu machen, sind die gleichen wie die, deren man sich bedient, um Erfolg zu haben, um „Freunde zu gewinnen“. Tatsächlich verstehen ja die meisten Menschen unseres Kulturkreises unter Liebenswürdigkeit eine Mischung aus Beliebtheit und Sex-Appeal.
Hinter der Einstellung, dass man nichts lernen müsse, um lieben zu können, steckt zweitens die Annahme, es gehe bei dem Problem der Liebe um ein Objekt und nicht um eine Fähigkeit. Viele Menschen meinen, zu lieben sei ganz einfach, schwierig sei es dagegen, den richtigen Partner zu finden, den man selbst lieben könne und von dem man geliebt werde. Diese Einstellung hat mehrere Ursachen, die mit der Entwicklung unserer modernen Gesellschaft zusammenhängen. Eine Ursache ist die starke Veränderung, die im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert bezüglich der Wahl des „Liebesobjektes“ eingetreten ist. [...]
In den letzten Generationen ist nun aber die Vorstellung von der romantischen Liebe in der westlichen Welt fast Allgemeingut geworden. [...]
Diese neue Auffassung von der Freiheit in der Liebe musste notwendigerweise die Bedeutung des Objektes der Liebe – im Gegensatz zu ihrer Funktion – noch verstärken.
In engem Zusammenhang hiermit steht ein weiterer charakteristischer Zug unserer heutigen Kultur. Unsere gesamte Kultur gründet sich auf die Lust am Kaufen, auf die Idee des für beide Seiten günstigen Tauschgeschäfts. [...]
So verlieben sich zwei Menschen ineinander, wenn sie das Gefühl haben, das beste Objekt gefunden zu haben, das für sie in Anbetracht des eigenen Tauschwerts auf dem Markt erschwinglich ist. Genau wie beim Erwerb eines Grundstücks spielen auch bei diesem Geschäft oft noch entwicklungsfähige, verborgene Möglichkeiten eine beträchtliche Rolle.
In einer Kultur, in der die Marketing-Orientierung vorherrscht, in welcher der materielle Erfolg der höchste Wert ist, darf man sich kaum darüber wundern, dass sich auch die menschlichen (Liebes) Beziehungen nach den gleichen Tauschmethoden vollziehen, wie sie auf dem Waren- und Arbeitsmarkt herrschen. [...]